Recent experimental studies of diffusion of enzymes and passive tracer molecules in the cell and in solution have shown that diffusion is larger when the enzymes are active and the system is supplied with substrate. Many active enzymes can act as randomly oscillating force dipoles and produce fluctuating hydrodynamic flows that will change the diffusion coefficients of passive tracers and other macromolecules in solution. This mechanism will be discussed and it will be shown that it can lead to enhanced transport coefficients.[1]

[1] A. S. Mikhailov and R. Kapral, PNAS, E3639 (2015); R. Kapral and A. S. Mikhailov, Physica D, 318, 100 (2016); M. Dennison, H. Stark and R. Kapral, Soft Matter (2017).