Schizophrenia: a failure of homeostasis?
Mental health reflects homeostatic balances of multiple dynamical processes at diverse time constants where imbalance will disrupt emotional or cognitive competence. One of these homeostatic influences balances the spectral power of oscillations that are thought to underlie binding: binding of percepts, binding of percept with memory, and binding of the binder itself (i.e. theta organizing gamma). Homeostatic failure fits with the hypothesis that schizophrenia involves a failure of cognitive coordination, manifesting in the core cognitive deficits of this disease. Failures of neural coordination would produce these failures of cognitive coordination, as ensembles either fragment (fragmentation of experience, dissociation, disorganized thought) or bind too tightly (delusions, autistic thought). We have utilized moderately detailed models of neocortex (event-driven, laminar model) and archicortex (CA3, multicompartmental model with 3 cell types). Both models demonstrate frequency homeostasis, where alterations in network drive changes the power in characteristic frequencies without substantially shifting these frequencies. Given a failure of homeostasis, we hypothesize that secondary homeostatic mechanisms will tend to overshoot the set point in both directions, yielding alternation of too much gamma coordination and too little. We then measured the relation of gamma power with information transfer. In simulations of ketamine effect on CA3, high gamma arose from strong excitatory synaptic connections and resulted in reduced information flow-through with augmented information provided by the network itself. This would be a gamma rut that would provide cognitive processing with excessive internal information, reducing reactivity to the external world. By contrast, reduction in gamma coordination, associated with increased information flow-through, would be associated with a disorganization due to external stimuli
being unconnected with prior experience. This might also be associated with internal stimuli that float free of their efference copy so as to be falsely attributed to external source (hallucination) or external control (delusion of control).